Political Dynasty: Advantages and Disadvantages

Political Dynasty: Advantages and Disadvantages Filipinos have always been proud of how much value is put into the concept of family. In the Filipino community, it can be seen how close families can be when they go as far as supporting even extended members of the family, despite the hardships and nuisances it may bring. It is not uncommon to see cousins, aunts, and grandparents all living together under one roof in the typical Filipino household. Being clannish  [1]  and family oriented people, Filipinos tend to give in to relatives and friends. Although it could very well serve as a positive trait that Filipinos have, it can also pose as a problem that no matter how principled one may be, it is so easy for one to bend the rules in favor of their beloved kapamilya  [2]  . The same clannish trait of the Filipinos is one that is not forgotten in the arena of Philippine politics. Since time immemorial, political dynasties have been in the Philippine political arena and still are very much around today. Sons and daughters, nephews and nieces, and even wives of political figures have been seen to enter politics not for merit or expertise, but simply because of affinity by blood to those who hold the political power. Power, in terms of how it is transferred from one family member to another, is handed from a seniority to his or her successor by means of a padrino  [3]  system where the successor is endorsed by an outgoing member of the family so that the successor would rake in the same support that the outgoing member had received from his supporters when he or she was in a position of power. Here it is not seen that it is not merely a show of power but that there is an organized transfer of this same power that runs within these political dynasties that keep them surviving up until today. The most famous or infamous of which, include the Marcoses  [4]  , with Ferdinand, Imelda, Imee and Bongbong, and the Estradas or Ejercitos  [5]  , with Erap, Loi, Jinggoy and JV (Joseph Victor) (PHILIPPINEPOLITICS.NET., 2000). In the municipal and provincial government, positions of power are usually dominated by a particular clan. Family members simply take turns in alternating between various posts for as long as the term allows. In the May 14, 2007 elections, as much as 53 candidates belonging to a background of political dynasties ran for office. Among which included families like the Aquinos, Biazons, De Venecias, Ortegas, Rectos, Roxases, Remullas and many others (Somosierra, 2007). Also in the recent May 10, 2010 elections, the same candidates from powerful political families landed key positions in government. Senator Benigno Simeon Noynoy Aquino topped the presidential race while Makati City Mayor Jejomar Binay surprisingly bagged the position of vice president. In the senatorial race, the likes of Senators Ramon Bong Revilla Jr. a nd Jinggoy Estrada were re-elected to the same position as they topped the list of winning senatorial candidates. Influence and Power of Political Dynasties The political dynasty undoubtedly plays an influential role in Philippine society. Families of political dynasties are sitting side by side to deliberate on important legislations that will affect the future of more than 80 million Filipinos both young and old for generations to come (PHILIPPINEPOLITICS.NET., 2000). It has been often contended that political dynasties go against the values upheld by democracy since it does not provide an equal opportunity for people to hold offices of power and service. With the set-up of the political dynasty, it seems as if positions of power are exclusively dominated by a particular clan or family. Arguably, the political dynasty is said to monopolize the system of governance since it limits the chances of other common Filipinos to serve the people. It creates a brain drain in the sense that the new and capable leader who could possibly perform better than those currently in office, would not be given an opportunity when running against someone wi th a name. Former Mayor, and now DILG Secretary Jesse Robredo of Naga City, who has firmly stood against political dynasties, he believes, The right to serve does not belong to one family alone. Ordinary people who deserve to be empowered should be given the opportunity to serve the community,  [6]  (Medel, 2007).It is undeniable that there are candidates who are voted into office simply because of their name and fame. Sons, siblings and even wives of politicians people who have no knowledge whatsoever of how to lead and serve, are voted into office simply because of their connection to previous leaders. Electoral votes are not so much based on the capability of one to serve, but rather on the name carried by one who is running. It is quite obvious that the family name of an elected official or a potential candidate plays a big role in the success of one who falls under the category of being part of a political family. It can be identified that power can be seen not only in exe rcises of excess but also in tangible things such as a candidates family name. This symbolic power could be seen as a perpetuation of the power system that runs through a political dynasty since it plays a big role in a dynastys continued existence and evolution. The validity of the political dynasty has always remained a highly debatable matter. Why do traditional political clans that which do not ground their resources based on their economic stance, still exist in the Philippine political arena despite some rejections by others that it does not provide equal opportunities for other candidates to run for public office? What key elements existing in these political dynasties make them dominant in the political arena up until today? Does the existence of the political dynasty really help the Filipino people, or is it just making the political maturity of the nation stagnant? (PHILIPPINEPOLITICS.NET., 2000). Despite the negative connotation brought about by political dynasties and its detrimental effects throughout Philippine history, political dynasties are not entirely negative and can bring certain positive effects. The solution to stop the negative effects linked to political dynasties is not to ban political dynasties in general, but inst ead, to educate people to vote more responsibly in choosing a leader. In this paper, I intend to find the factors that make political dynasties relevant today in the face of a democratic Philippine society by taking into consideration Michel Foucaults theory on power and Vladimir Lenins theory on organization. In line with what Michel Foucault mentioned in his work, Discipline and Punish, political dynasties in the Philippines are unique in a way that they possess dynamic qualities that keep them surviving up until today. He stressed in his work that power is exercised in ways that it can be excessive to maintain order and discipline in society. The example would be that of Francois Damiens  [7]  , who was publicly tortured and executed for his attempt to assassinate the sovereign. As Foucault recounts the event, one can see the display of the excessive use of power to punish Damiens for his actions, as seen in his recount wherein à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Damiens, who cried out profusely, though without swearing, raised his head and looked at himself; the same executioner dipped an iron spoon, in the pot containing boiling potion, which he poured liberally over each wound  [8]  (Focault, 1977). Here we can see the sovereigns excessive use of power to punish a subject who attempted to challen ge his sovereignty by attempting to take his life. Francois Damiens public torture and execution was made as an example to others that contesting the kings sovereignty would be subject to the same level of punishment or worse. What Michel Foucault was reiterating in his account of Damiens torture is that power is primarily being exercised on the body as a means of strategizing the deployments of power rather than to punish the violator by causing physical pain. The crime committed by Damiens was against the body of the king; therefore, the punishment that was given to the violator was also against his body, through the form of torture. The pain caused to the body was clearly not intended only for the body alone but rather reached out to those who have witnessed or heard about the execution. The gravity of such an event still touches on modernity in a way that whoever reads or hears about such an event could still feel the gravity of the excessive use of power. During the early 18th century, there was a display of excessive torture on the body according to Michel Foucault. In a span of a few decades, the process of torture became a process of organized disciplinary action in the form of a penal justice system. This evolution of torture saw the disappearance of punishment on the body and a loosening of the hold of the sovereign over the body. In the disappearance of punishment, it enters into the abstract consciousness of society rather than of perceptions. Moreover, there is a focus on the effectivity of punishment rather than of spectacles, wherein it focuses only on visibility or intensity of punishment such as that of Foucaults account of Damiens torture. On the loosening of hold of the sovereign on the body, one can see that punishment no longer touched the body but rather as Foucault would state, The body now serves as an instrument or intermediary: if one intervenes upon it to imprison it, or to make it work, it is in order to deprive the individual of a liberty that is regarded both as a right and as property  [9]  (Focault, 1977). In the spectacle of scaffolds, executioners served as the kings hand in punishing offenders. As time passed, doctors, psychiatrists, guidance counselors, judges and jail wardens now took over the executioners role of administering punishment. As Foucault aptly put it, To sum up, ever since the new penal system that defined by the great codes of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries has been in operation, a general process has led judges to judge something other than crimes; they have been led in their sentences to do something other than judge; and the power of judging has been transferred in part, to other authorities than the judges of the offence. The whole penal operation has taken on extra-juridical elements and personnel.  [10]  (Focault, 1977). Negative Sides to Political Dynasties The very excess of the violence employed is one of the elements of glory: the fact that the guilty man should moan and cry out under the blows is not a shameful side effect, it is the very ceremonial of justice being expressed in all its force. Hence no doubt those tortures that take place even after death: corpses burnt, ashes thrown to the winds, bodies dragged on hurdles and exhibited at the roadside. Justice pursues the body beyond all possible pain  [11]  (Focault, 1977) Similar to what Foucault had studied about power relations, this paper, uses the same theory but relates it to the phenomenon of political dynasties in the Philippines. Throughout Philippine history, the political dynasty has taken on a negative connotation. Often linked to problems like graft, corruption, and abuse of power, it has taken on a detrimental role to society. Perhaps the most infamous of all would be the political dynasty of the Marcos family. Alleged to have embezzled between US$5 billion and US$10 billion from the Philippines, Transparency International  [12]  has ranked Ferdinand Marcos at second on a list of the worlds most corrupt political leaders of the past two decades; surpassed only by former Indonesian President Suharto (Ferdinand Marcos: Killer File, 2000). Names like the Estradas/Ejercitos and the Singson families have also linked the image of the political dynasty to allegations of graft and corruption. Luis Chavit Singson, governor of the province of I locos Sur, alleged that he had personally given Estrada the sum of 400 million pesos as payoff from illegal gambling profits such as jueteng, as well as 180 million pesos from the government price subsidy for the tobacco farmers marketing cooperative. Singsons allegation caused an uproar across the nation, which culminated in Estradas impeachment trial by the House of Representatives in November 13, 2000. A more recent example, would be that of the Ampatuans, whose name has been thrust to the limelight after the event of the Maguindanao Massacre  [13]  where 58 individuals consisting of their family rivals, the Mangudadatus, relatives and some journalists were shot and killed preventing them from filing their patrons certificate of candidacy. Families linked to political dynasties flood the news with allegations of all sorts of crime ranging from corruption, theft, murder and even rape. Regardless of whether these are proven or unproven, it all translates into the tarnished and dirty image that the political dynasty holds in todays society. This is exactly what Michel Foucault talks about in the spectacle of the scaffold wherein there is a display of an excessive use of power through torture. As Foucault mentions, there are three criterions where punishment must follow in order to fall under the category of torture. The first being, that it must manifest pain on a certain degree, that could be seen in the example of Francois Damiens torture. The second being that such pain is regulated in a way that suffering is maximized rather than imposing death immediately because this suffering would insure a more effective notice of change on the offenders part. Last but not least, perhaps the most important would be that torture ma rks the individual and that it should serve as a spectacle. Torture marking the individual means that there is a reclaiming of the sovereign by the ruler and that the making of the execution as a spectacle would serve as a public display of the rulers sovereignty. Such a public execution seeks to reach out to the whole of the society by letting the thought of punishment run through their consciousness making them aware of the total power of the sovereign, them serving as his subjects. The context of the logic of torture is that there is contempt for body, wherein the body serves a possession of the sovereign. There is a political need for the sovereign to display his power which will serve as a recognition of his dominance over his subjects. In addition, this display of power actually runs through an internal organization of politicization and serves as a disciplining factor towards order. As Foucault mentions how the Enlightenment period called torture as an atrocity, atrocity is one of those that best designates the economy of public torture in the old penal practice.  [14]  (Focault, 1977) Further, he states that insofar as being the crime before everyones eyes in all its severity, the punishment must take responsibility for this atrocity: it must bring to light by confessions, statements, inscription that make it public, it must reproduce it in ceremonies that apply it to the body of the guilty person in the form of humiliation and pain. Atrocity is that p art of the crime that the punishment turns back as torture in order to display it in the full light of day  [15]  (Focault, 1977) In light of Michel Foucaults study of power, he shows how the display of excessive power can serve as a negative connotation towards disciplining society. In relation to the existence of political dynasties, their display of excessive power by means of running private armies or reliance on coercion in order to establish and maintain their power, could very well serve as a detriment to public order as well as to their own existence. This is where Vladimir Lenins theory on organization can come into play because power alone in a democratic society, especially excessive power, can clash with the values of democracy while power coupled with proper organization could compromise with the said values. Organization, furthermore, would tweak how power is distributed, dispersed and used on the sovereigns subjects. In the case of political dynasties where power is seen to be a tool used for political domination, power alongside organization can produce an effective dynasty, which operates on be half of and for the public rather than for itself and its interests. Good Sides to Political Dynasties In his book, What is to be done?, Vladimir Lenin talks about the importance of organization to serve as a focusing of all efforts towards a certain goal. An organized exercise of power would mean that there is a proper system that is undergone where it is both regulated and directed towards achieving a goal rather than just a spectacle. In the case of political dynasties, despite the weaknesses that they are prone to, it also has its strengths. Political dynasties provide continuity and political stability which is particularly obvious in provinces such as those held by the Josons of Nueva Ecija, Ortegas of La Union, and Dys of Isabela. There is minimal political risk and this plays a huge role when it comes to investments. With the continuity offered by political dynasties, investors can be assured that laws do not change mid-stream of an investors project and that business agreements made in the past would still be upheld in the succeeding generations. This sparks an interest in t erms of foreign corporations doing business in third world countries since it takes out premium on political instability insurance (PHILIPPINEPOLITICS.NET., 2000). Furthermore, this continuity assures that the desired goal is achieved overtime and will be implemented throughout a long-term establishment made by these dynasties. In addition, their continued existence help promote continued progress and development, so long as the succeeding leader is actually capable and not just voted for his namesake. For example, a son who is to take the place of his fathers position in office, would be able to benefit from the experience and guidance of his father. Assuming that the succeeding leader has been trained from early on by the example of good leaders who have also lead from his dynasty, he would be able to emulate the good qualities and learn from mistakes made in the past as well as assure the constant upholding of the good qualities taught by his predecessors. By this process of lear ning from the example of the previous generations, they would have a huge advantage in terms of leadership and experience. An example of a prosperous region, which has been ruled under a political dynasty for over a century, is La Union. The family of Ortegas have occupied elective and appointed positions in the province since the 20th century. In 1901, Joaquin Ortega was appointed governor by the US colonial administration. In 2006, ten Ortegas were holding various elective posts in La Union  [16]  (Medel, 2007). The prosperity of the region speaks clearly, of how well the dynasty has managed. Boasting a 97% literacy rate and a 94.77% employment rate, La Union is classified as a first class province (La Union, 2007). The City of San Fernando is now the seat of national government agencies in Region I and center of trade, commerce, financial and educational institutions, among others. From a deep rooted potential of stable community governance, to international shipping, an airport with viable capacity to accommodate international air traffic, natural terrain conducive to tourism development and a pe ople endowed with cultural and virtuous heritage of industry, spirituality, nationalism and aspiration for growth, peace and prosperity, the City of San Fernando has emerged as the booming Metropolis of the North. (San Fernando City). In response to issues raised regarding the continued existence of a political dynasty in the region, Mayor Mary Jane C. Ortega replies, It is not an issue. Why punish people who deliver? Like in Frankfurt, they have a Mayor for 25 years and she keeps delivering. Look how developed Frankfurt is. It is not an issue if you are in power for a long time. It is not actually the length of service. It is the quality of service that you give. If the leader delivers, why punish him/ her? On the other hand, if you have a term limitation, three years is too long kung hindi naman nagdedeliver,  [17]  (Medel, 2007). Another respectable leader belonging to families with a background in political dynasties include Senator Mar Roxas, son of the illustrious Senator Gerry Roxas, and the grandson of the venerable President Manuel Roxas whose public service careers have greatly benefited the country. Mars public service life began in the House of Representatives in 1993. After his congressional stint, he was appointed as Secretary of the Department of Trade and Industry; and then in 2004, he was elected to the Senate with a staggering 20 million votes the largest ever obtained by a candidate in any Philippine election. Mars stint in the House is most noted for his principal authorship of RA 7880, also known as the Roxas Law, which ensures fair distribution of the education capital budget among all the provinces. This gave life to his advocacy for fair and equitable access to education, free from regional bias and political patronage considerations. Owing to his record of accomplishments as a public se rvant and political leader, the international community described Mar as one of the young leaders in politics and business who will bring Asia and the Pacific to the forefront of world affairs. (Senator Mar A. Roxas) At the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, Mar was named as one of the Global Leaders of Tomorrow who is expected to shape the future. (Senator Mar A. Roxas) Recently, the Singapore Government has awarded him as the 16th Lee Kuan Yew Fellow (Senator Mar A. Roxas). Another example of a leader who has chosen to stick by his principles despite the temptations offered by that of a political dynasty is Governor Barbers. Governor Robert Lyndon S. Barbers is the eldest son of Senator Robert Bobby Z. Barbers and Vergie Smith of Makati City. The family has a deep-rooted background in politics. His brother was second district Rep. of Surigao del Norte and was succeeded by other family members who ran for governor in the province. Despite his familys involvement in a political dynasty, Lyndon Barbers has made a clear stand against nepotism; relatives are banned from benefiting from any project on account of his position as Governor. This has been proven on several instances. A relative of his was once caught operating a sand-gravel quarrying business without a license or permit and was brought to court. In another instance, a cousin of his was arrested for illegal gambling operations  [18]  (Medel, 2007). In addition, there are many other families be longing to political dynasties that have also contributed a great deal into building the nation and serving its people. Families like the Magsaysays, Osmenas, Biazons, Cayetanos, Villars, Duavits, Escuderos, Espinas, Gordons, Madrigals, Mitras Plazas, and Rectos have done a good job of keeping a clean image. These are the leaders who prove that the political dynasty can be beneficial to society so long as it does not abuse its power. It cannot be discounted that one will not practice the use of power, although, there can be ways wherein this power can be diverted into good reasons to achieve societal order and development. This is what Vladimir Lenin is stresses when he mentions in his work that, Such workers, average people of the masses, are capable of displaying enormous energy and self-sacrifice in strikes and in street, battles with the police and the troops, and are capable (in fact, are alone capable) of determining the outcome of our entire movement but the struggle against the political police requires special qualities; it requires professional revolutionaries  [19]  (Lenin, 1902). In this quotation, Lenin stresses that organizing a mass of people requires a strategic use of power as opposed to a fueling of the mobs emotions. A possible historical example would be that of the American Revolution in contrast to the French revolution. The French revolution had failed to recognize their freedom becaus e they failed to organize their efforts of systemizing their revolution. The leaders of the French revolution relied solely on power and doing so led to the abuse and struggle of power. In the end, the French revolution served as a spectacle of disorganization, wherein towards the end, Napoleon Bonapartes emergence to take hold of power was recognized. This emergence of Napoleon from this disorganization is an opposite to that of an organized succession and transfer of power seen in the American Revolution. The American Revolution, through proper organization, gave birth to freedom, liberty and equality among the states. The transfer and succession of power from one president to another required organization as well as a regulation of their, being the presidents, powers. The political dynasty has its own share of pros and cons. There are examples of good political dynasties as well as bad ones. However, it is usually the faults of the political dynasty that are highlighted and scrutinized. More often than not, the news is filled with reports about charges of theft, plunder and whatnot. As a result of which, many have turned to the solution of trying to ban political dynasties completely. Laws Regarding Political Dynasties In terms of the legality of political dynasties, Art. II, Sec. 26 of the Constitution says, The State shall guarantee equal access to opportunities for public service, and prohibit political dynasties as may be defined by law. However, there is no clear definition of political dynasties and therefore the provision is none self-executing. It is the most ignored policy by Congress due to certain reasons. The framers left it to the congress to define political dynasties which it has not done (Cruz, 2007). This loophole in the law has allowed the political dynasty to continue up to the present day even if it is technically not allowed. The only law being actively enforced to prevent the abuse of power is the term limits on elective positions. However, providing a term limit for elective officials is easily countered by having families pass on their power. To retain political hold on his constituents, a forcibly retired official arranges to have his wife, a mistress, one of his children, his own siblings, or a parent to occupy his position for one term. After which, he will be qualified again to run for office (Cruz, 2007). In an effort to ban political dynasties, there was an anti-dynasty bill that was filled by Majority Floor Leader Arthur Defensor of Iloilo. Section Five of House Bill 783, which reads, Any person who has a political dynasty relationship with an incumbent elective official is disqualified from running for any elective public office within the same city and/or province where the elective public official is running. This bill will only be proactive. It will not affect those who are already currently holding positions. The bill also limits the definition of a political dynasty relationship as existing only among relatives up to the second degree of affinity or consanguinity. Thus, only the spouse, children, siblings or parents of the incumbent are deemed disqualified and similar in-law relationship. The bill disallows a relative of an incumbent from running for a position like governor, vice governor, mayor, vice mayor, as these positions are vested executive power. Another distinct feat ure of this bill is that it allows relatives of the incumbent to run for posts such as board member or councilor where power is shared owing to the collegial nature of the office. The idea of the bill is to bar relatives from holding positions where power is concentrated in an individual, but not from positions where decision-making is made through deliberation and consensus (Bordadora, 2007). Solution to Problems Regarding Political Dynasties Although this new bill seems like a good and effective idea for countering the negative effects of the existence political dynasties, it has yet to have been decided by legislators whether this will be fully implemented or not. It is up to the Congress to decide whether this bill will be passed and it seems highly unlikely that they will do so. This is partly due to the fact that political dynasties have become so much a part of the current system of governance that it is almost impossible to change. I dont think it has much of a chance under the present Congress, stated Defensor regarding his opinion on possibility of the bill being passed (Bordadora, 2007). Like it or not, the emergence of political dynasties in the Philippines still operate well within the framework of so-called democracy (PHILIPPINEPOLITICS.NET., 2000). No matter how much effort is put against the political dynasty, it is here to stay. It is simply futile to hope for any change regarding the current laws on political dynasties. Instead of looking at something that is simply out of reach, people should realize that there lies a much simpler solution. It would be impossible to ban all political dynasties in general; however, it is possible to put an end to the bad political dynasties. People should realize that they are the ones who elect their leaders into office. No matter how strong a political dynasty may be, sovereignty is held by the people. At the end of the day, it will be the people to decide whether or not a dynasty will be succeeded. Absolute power is when you have a dictatorship. We still have to go through an election. The electorate will be the ones to dic tate who are the ones who will lead. The people have the power, not the officials  [20]  (Medel, 2007). All this talk about outlawing political dynasties and its bad effects would not even be necessary if people were to vote mor

Dengue prevention Essay

A very good morning to the principal, Mr. Gan, the senior assistant, Mrs. Lim, respected teachers and fellow friends. I am grateful for your presence and I am extremely delighted with this valuable opportunity to meet you all in this great morning. Frankly, it is honour to be entrusted to deliver a speech to you on the topic â€Å"†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..† Undoubtedly, it is the responsibility of the property owner to prevent mosquito breeding sources. The immature stages of the mosquito so called egg, larva or pupa develop in stagnant water. It takes seven to ten days from the time a mosquito lays her eggs, until 100 to 400 larvae or wrigglers begin their life, possibly in your backyard. The size of the container of water doesn’t matter, as mosquito larvae and pupa are small. In the event a breeding source is found, the owner must treat the problem and take steps to prevent the recurrence of breeding. By reducing the number of breeding sources, we can reduce the number of mosquitoes and cases of mosquito-borne disease. First and foremost, you are advised to use Abate or larvicide to kill mosquitoes and destroy the larva. Part from that, you can put some salt into the containers holding water as it prevents mosquitoes from breeding. Meanwhile, cover all water containers tightly to prevent mosquitoes from laying eggs. It is utmost important to change water in the vases and tubs at least once a week, use mosquito repellents when necessary while following the instructions on the label. On the other hand, you are encouraged to be extra careful with the situations outside the house. Apparently, you can get rid of any standing water. Mosquitoes must have water in which to lay their eggs and develop into adults. Check old tires, buckets, rain gutters, watering cans, etc. If you have a bird bath, fountain, wading pool, or plant trays, it is a good idea to change the water at least once a week. Make sure that there are no containers that can collect water left lying around your garden. Importantly, fog your home if necessary. Be sure to keep swimming pools clean and chlorinated. If not in use, keep empty and covered. In addition, ensure that the drains and gutters are not clogged and clean. Remember to stock ornamental pools with goldfish because they eat mosquito larvae on the water’s surface. Mosquito control is a community effort. You can also bury bottles, tins and old tyres. Last but not least, you can participate in preventing mosquitoes from breeding by doing the following simple chores around your home. Even the smallest thing will help and you will be surprised to find out what you can do. In a nutshell, we should keep an adage that time and tide wait for no man; we are supposed to strike the iron when hot. I have come to an end, this is all for today. Thank you for being a wonderful audience and I hope to share more of my thoughts with you in the near future. Thank you very much. Speech: A very good morning to the principal, Mr. Gan, the senior assistant, Mrs. Lim, respected teachers and fellow friends. I am grateful for your presence and I am extremely delighted with this valuable opportunity to meet you all in this great morning. Frankly, I am honour to be entrusted to deliver a speech to you on the topic â€Å"†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..† -it is the responsibility of the property owner to prevent mosquito breeding sources. The immature stages of the mosquito so called egg, larva or pupa develop in stagnant water. -takes seven to ten days from the time a mosquito lays her eggs, until 100 to 400 larvae or wrigglers begin their life, possibly in your backyard. -the size of the container of water doesn’t matter, as mosquito larvae and pupa are small. -In the event a breeding source is found, the owner must treat the problem and take steps to prevent the recurrence of breeding. -by reducing the number of breeding sources, we can reduce the number of mosquitoes and cases of mosquito-borne disease. -use Abate or larvicide to kill mosquitoes and destroy the larva. Part from that, you can put some salt into the containers holding water as it prevents mosquitoes from breeding. – cover all water containers tightly to prevent mosquitoes from laying eggs. It is utmost important to change water in the vases and tubs at least once a week -use mosquito repellents when necessary while following the instructions on the label. – you are encouraged to be extra careful with the situations outside the house. Apparently, you can get rid of any standing water. -mosquitoes must have water in which to lay their eggs and develop into adults. Check old tires, buckets, rain gutters, watering cans, etc. -if you have a bird bath, fountain, wading pool, or plant trays, it is a good idea to change the water at least once a week -make sure that there are no  containers that can collect water left lying around your garden. Importantly, fog your home if necessary. -be sure to keep swimming pools clean and chlorinated. If not in use, keep empty and covered. In addition, ensure that the drains and gutters are not clogged and clean. -remember to stock ornamental pools with goldfish because they eat mosquito larvae on the water’s surface. Mosquito control is a community effort. -bury bottles and cans. Last but not least, participate in preventing mosquitoes from breeding by doing the following simple chores around your home. -Even the smallest thing will help and you will be surprised to find out what you can do. In a nutshell, we should keep an adage that time and tide wait for no man; we are supposed to strike the iron whe n hot. I have come to an end, this is all for today. Thank you for being a wonderful audience and I hope to share more of my thoughts with you in the near future. Thank you very much.

Life of John Rolfe, Husband of Pocahontas

John Rolfe (1585–1622) was a British colonist of the Americas. He was an important figure in Virginia politics and an entrepreneur who played a significant role in founding the Virginia tobacco trade. However, he is best known as the man who married Pocahontas, the daughter of Powhatan, head of the Powhatan confederacy of Algonquin tribes.   Fast Facts: John Rolfe Known For: British colonist who married Pocahontas  Born: October 17, 1562 in Heacham, England  Died: March 1622 in Henrico, Virginia  Spouses Names: Sarah Hacker (m. 1608–1610), Pocahontas (m. 1614–1617), Jane Pierce (m. 1619)  Childrens Names: Thomas Rolfe (son of Pocahontas), Elizabeth Rolfe (daughter of Jane Pierce) Early Years Rolfe was born on Oct. 17, 1562 to a wealthy family in Heacham, England. His family owned Heacham manor and his father was a successful merchant in Lynn.   Not much is known about Rolfes education or life in England, but in July of 1609, he left for Virginia on the Sea-Venture, the flagship of several vessels carrying settlers and provisions and the first group of government officials to the new colony at Jamestown.   Shipwrecked in Bermuda Rolfe brought with him his first wife, Sarah Hacker. The Sea-Venture was wrecked in a storm on the Bermudas, but all the passengers survived and Rolfe and his wife stayed on Bermuda for eight months. There they had a daughter, who they named Bermuda, and—importantly for his future career—Rolfe may have obtained samples of West Indies tobacco.  Ã‚   Rolfe lost both his first wife and daughter in Bermuda.  Rolfe and the surviving shipwrecked passengers left Bermuda in 1610. When they arrived in May 1610, the Virginia colony had just suffered through the starving time, a grim period in early American history. Over the winter of 1609–1610, the colonists were beset by plague and yellow fever, and sieges by the local inhabitants. An estimated three-quarters of the English colonists of Virginia died of starvation or starvation-related diseases that winter.   Tobacco Between 1610 and 1613, Rolfe experimented with the native tobacco at his home in Henricus and succeeded in producing a leaf that was more pleasing to the British palate. His version was named the Orinoco, and it was developed from the combination of a local version and seeds from Trinidad that he had brought with him from Spain or perhaps obtained in Bermuda. He is also credited with inventing a curing process to prevent rot during the long sea voyage to England, as well as the dampness of the English climate.   By 1614, active exports of tobacco were being sent back to England, and  Rolfe is often credited as the first person to suggest cultivating tobacco as a cash crop in the Americas, the major source of income for Virginia for centuries to follow. Marrying Pocahontas Throughout this period, the Jamestown colony continued to suffer from an adversarial relationship with the Native American inhabitants, the Powhatan tribe. In 1613, Captain Samuel Argall kidnapped Powhatans favorite daughter, Pocahontas, and eventually, she was brought to Henricus.  There she received religious instruction from the settlements minister, Rev. Alexander Whitaker, and converted to Christianity, taking the name Rebecca. She also met John Rolfe.   Rolfe married her around April 5, 1614, after sending a letter to the governor of Virginia asking for permission to do so, for the good of the Plantation, the honor of our Country, for the Glory of God, for my own salvation, and for the Converting to the true knowledge of Jesus Christ an unbelieving Creature, namely Pocahontas.   A Temporary Peace After Rolfe married Pocahontas, relationships between the British settlers and Pocahontas tribe settled into a time of friendly commerce and trade. That freedom created opportunities to build up the colony as it had not seen before.   Pocahontas had a son, Thomas Rolfe, born in 1615, and on April 21, 1616, Rolfe and his family joined an expedition back to Britain to publicize the Virginia colony. In England, Pocahontas as the Lady Rebecca was received enthusiastically: among other events, she attended The Vision of Delight, a royal court masque written by Ben Jonson for King James I and his wife Queen Anne.   Return to Virginia In March of 1616, Rolfe and Pocahontas started for home, but she was ill and died aboard the ship before it left England. She was buried at Gravesend; their infant son, too ill to survive the voyage, was left behind to be raised by Rolfes brother Henry.   Before and after Rolfe returned to his estate in Henricus, he held several prominent positions in the Jamestown colony. He was named Secretary in 1614 and in 1617 held the office of Recorder General.  Ã‚   Death and Legacy In 1620, Rolfe married Jane Pierce, the daughter of Captain William Pierce, and they had a daughter named Elizabeth. In 1621, the Virginia colony began actively raising funds for the College of Henricus, a boarding school for young Native Americans to train them to become more English.   Rolfe grew ill in 1621, and he wrote a will, which was drawn up in Jamestown on March 10th of 1621. The will was eventually probated in London on May 21, 1630, and that copy has survived.   Rolfe died in 1622, a few weeks before the Great Indian Massacre of March 22, 1622, led by Pocahontass uncle Opechancanough. Nearly 350 of the British colonists were killed, ending the uneasy peace which had been established, and nearly putting an end to Jamestown itself. John Rolfe had a significant impact on the Jamestown colony in Virginia, in his marriage to Pocahontas which established an eight-year-long peace, and in the creation of a cash crop, tobacco, on which the fledgling colonies could use to survive economically.   Sources Carson, Jane. The Will of John Rolfe. The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 58.1 (1950): 58–65. Print.Kramer, Michael Jude. The 1622 Powhatan Uprising and Its Impact on Anglo-Indian Relations. Illinois State University 2016. Print.Kupperman, Karen Ordahl. Apathy and Death in Early Jamestown. The Journal of American History 66.1 (1979): 24–40. Print.Rolfe, Jo. Letter from John Rolfe to Sir Thos. Dale. The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 22.2 (1914): 150–57. Print.Tratner, Michael. Translating Values: Mercantilism and the Many Biographies of Pocahontas. Biography 32.1 (2009): 128–36. Print.Vaughan, Alden T. Expulsion of the Salvages: English Policy and the Virginia Massacre of 1622. The William and Mary Quarterly 35.1 (1978): 57–84. Print.

Eng 125 Week 2 Assignment with Reference Page - 882 Words

Running Head: SHORT STORY Theme and Narrative Elements in the Short Story NAME ENG 125 Introduction to Literature INSTRUCTOR DATE This story revolves around the theme of a girl named ‘Jig’, who gets in a conversation between her husband/boyfriend in a place that symbolises the theme of the story and conversation that is being held. The genre of this short story is very much similar to the genre of a how simple short stories are told and it has managed to create a real conversation which is set in a fairly realistic place, although the entire scenario is fictional. The â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† is about a frustrating talk between the two couple in which the American man is trying to convince†¦show more content†¦Continuing a haphazard conversation, like in a public place when we hear two people having an intimate conversation, we eventually have to walk away because we do not know what they are actually talking about, similarly, following the exact writing style and giving a tone of privacy, the writer has created a similar tone to the whole aspect of the story, making the reader to figure out what actually the two couple are talking about. To conclude, the epic use of words relating to different, more complex ideas, the author of this story, Ernest Hemingway has amazingly delivered a message for readers that is appraisable about classifying the characterization of the two characters, Jig, being a typical ‘bitch goddess’ who is a sympathizing character and the American being a typical man, who cares about what he wants in life and evades the fact of getting into fatherhood with his expected baby. References Clugston, R. W. (2010). Journey into literature. San Diego, California: Bridgepoint Education, Inc. Retrieved from https://content.ashford.edu/books Milhauser, S. (2008, October 3). The ambition of the short story. The New York Times. Retrieved fromShow MoreRelatedInternational Accounting4701 Words   |  19 Pages Here is some specific information about the book to help you find the chapters: Advanced Accounting,11th Edition (do not purchase chapters 10 and 11 from the 10th ed); Authors: P. Fischer, Wm. Tayler, R. 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Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: e-theses.admin@dur.ac.uk Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 THERead MoreCase Study for Management Accounting36918 Words   |  148 PagesCASES FROM MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING PRACTICES Table of Contents Case 1: Case 2: Bal Seal Engineering Robin Cooper Bill’s Custom Planters William Stammerjohan Deborah Seifert Dublin Shirt Company Peter Clarke in assoc. with in assoc. with Paul Juras Wayne Bremser ECN.W William Lawler Endesa Gary M. Cunningham Scott Ericksen Francisco J. Lopez Lubian Antonio Pareja Kincaid Manufacturing Jon Yarusso Ram Ramanan Osram.NA John Shank Lawrence Carr William Lawler Pleasant Run Children’s Home Brooke E. 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Relationship Between Europeans And American Indians

Zain Alvi Explain how mutual understandings and cultural interactions affected the relationship between Europeans and American Indians. How did these groups eventually adapt to each other? Confine your answer to pre Columbian society to 1607. At the beginning of this time period, European settlers were attracted to the Americas in hopes of gaining land and spreading Christianity. Initially, the settlers established a friendly relationship with the natives, relying on them to learn skills like farming, hunting, and fishing, while the Indians traded with the Europeans for advanced technologies like guns and metal tools. However, the cultures of both groups clashed creating conflicts. The Native Americans believed that no one owned land, as†¦show more content†¦Bartolomà © de Las Casa was a priest who, because of his familiarity with the Bible and its message of equality, questioned the enslavement of the American Indians and had tried to convince the colonists to stop mistreating the natives thus writing about the American Indians in a positive fashion. The Spanish had also tried to force the Indians to convert to Catholicism, which went against their culture. The Spanish ignored the spiritual beliefs of the indig enous people and imposed their European ideals onto them. This disregard for the native’s religion caused the Indians to resent the Europeans and further worsened their relationship (Spain authorizes Coronado’s conquest in the Southwest, 1540). Francisco Garcia de Loaysa, the president of the Council of the Indies, sent a message to Coronado, a Spanish explorer, to go and find riches to support the mother country. He wrote on behalf of the king to preserve his job and keep making a living. The European desire to spread religion stemmed from the Pope. The Pope’s authorization justified the European dominance of Indians and made the natives angry but powerless to defend themselves. The Pope wanted European culture to dominate the Indians, causing the natives to lose their way of life (The Doctrine of Discovery, 1493). Pope Alexander VI was the Catholic leader. He wanted to spread the religion, so he allowed for the Spanish to monopolize the New World because they were heavilyShow MoreRelatedBeaver Wars and the Relationship between Europeans and American Indians2919 Words   |  12 Pagesï » ¿The Beaver Wars and the European/American Indian Relationship Introduction Genocide is not a feature of warfare or rule that can be unilaterally blamed on European nations. 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War Outline Free Essays

Intro- It was mid-spring in the United States Capitol- Washington, DC, the grass was green and onlookers could take in the view of the Washington Monument. On the specific date of April 17, 1965, the streets were not only occupied by historical monuments and statues of American History, but also occupied of 25,000 outraged protesters against the Vietnam War. This rally, organized by the Students for a Democratic Society, was the first significant act of defiance towards the Unites States Government. We will write a custom essay sample on War Outline or any similar topic only for you Order Now And this act of defiance was the beginning of a societal trend of abhorrence towards the Vietnam War. An angered country, defiance in Society and opposition in many households, is just the commencement of the Antiwar Movement. * Anti-War Movement (Overview): 1. A country-wide disapproval of the Vietnam War. a. â€Å"We weren’t on the wrong side in Vietnam, we were the wrong side. † –Daniel Ellsberg The most Dangerous Man in America.. b. Many Households disliked it because the number of people being drafted rapidly increased over two months and it affected them. . The deaths of the soldiers were twice as heartbreaking because they died in a war that their families disapproved of. 2. The Vietnam War was the first war to be played out in people’s homes (on their televisions and radios). d. Several different News Channels showed clips and photos taken by photographers and videographers in Vietnam. e. The general public couldn’t stand the realities of wa r, such as dying children and mass murders etc. f. This meant the general public scrutinized and judged it more often than previous wars. . It was even worse with the fact that most people didn’t see why the US army was involved in the first place * The Beginning of the Anti War Movement. * â€Å"Hey, Hey LBJ! How Many Kids Did You Kill Today? † * * Celebrities and The Anti War Movement. * Muhammad Ali. * Muhammad Ali, the world heavyweight boxing champion, refused to even consider going to Vietnam in 1966. * Called him a draft dodger and traitor because he refused to go to Vietnam because of his beliefs. Muhammad Ali also tore up his draft card and other men had followed his footsteps. * As a Muslim, he held war to be against his religious principles. * According to an article written by Jack Olsen in Sports Illustrated, the Governor of Illinois found Ali ‘disgusting’, and the Governor of Maine said Ali ‘should be held in utter contempt by every pat riotic American’. * An American Legion post in Miami asked people to ‘join in condemnation of this unpatriotic, loudmouthed, bombastic individual’. 2. * Washington DC Marches. April 17, 1965 * Organizers had expected about 2000 marchers. The actual count was about 25,000. * This was the largest anti-war protest to ever have been held in Washington DC at that time. * The number of marchers approximately equaling the number of US soldiers in Vietnam. * The college students’ main motive for this ‘gathering’ was to protest against the US bombing campaign. * November 27, 1965 * 35,000 anti-war protesters circle the White House then march on to the Washington Monument for a rally How to cite War Outline, Essay examples

Dolls house Plot and Subplot Essay Example For Students

Dolls house Plot and Subplot Essay The action of this play is about a woman named Nora who has an ill husband so she borrows some money to take her family to another warmer country where torvald, her husband can get better. However it is set in the 19th centaury and when Nora borrows the money from a crocked man, the contract has to be signed by her father who dies just before he can sign it, so Nora being rather naive signs it for him. When the family returns and torvald is no longer ill Nora has to pay back the money which she does. The man, krogstad who she borrowed the money from works for her husband. And Torvald decides he is going to sack krogstad, Nora then struggles with Krogstad, who threatens to tell her husband about her past crime, creates Noras journey of self-discovery and provides much of the plays dramatic suspense. Noras main struggle, however, is against the selfish, stifling, and oppressive attitudes of her husband, Torvald, and of the society that he represents. Eventually Torvald finds out and doesnt support Nora so she leaves him and her children. There is a very apparent subplot to this play; the krogstad. Christine love story. Christen comes back to the city to find Krogstad, who she loves. She is friends with Nora and Torvald gives her a job, which happens to be krogstad old one, Nora and Krogstad reunite and fall in love, and decided to get married, the subplot affects the scene in the scene that Christine convinces Krogstad to send the letter that condemns Nora to torvald and he does because he loves her but other than that their love storyline is relatively detached from the main plot of the play. It is clear that even though they are linked to the plot they are in fact the subplot because the scenes are rather fragmented and short and most of their conversation is about Nora and the plot, this is a clever trick used by Ibsen to use there private conversations as exposition and explanation of the play. There are many different themes in the play: the role of women; secrets and deception; appearance and its difference to reality; letters and society.  In the play all the women have had to sacrifice something about themselves because of societys second class opinions of women. Nora is just a house wife and is only there to be seen but not heard, Mrs Linde sacrifices the true love of her life, Krogstad, and marries a man she does not love in order to support her dependent relatives. The nurse has had to give up her child for her poorly paid job, whats more is she appreciates the fact that she has been given the job as she realises she has committed a terrible sin to have a child out of wed lock. In Ibsens time women were often stigmatised whereas men could escape virtually all blame. In the play very little is as it first seems, Nora at first appears to be silly, immature, naive little girl but we then learn she has made great sacrifices to save her husbands life, and has kept the burden of the large loan secret from her ill husband. By the end of the play she realise that really she is a strong independent women and leaves Torvald. Torvald appears to be a loving, affectionate, generous if a little patronising husband however by the end of the play the audience learns he is shallow, vain man, concerned mainly with his public reputation more than anything and that he in fact never would shoulder the burden that would fall upon Nora, that he so often talked about in the end however he does love her he is conventional and finds it hard to question himself and society. .udf68b7b31dab7a3ae83369ad0096ab30 , .udf68b7b31dab7a3ae83369ad0096ab30 .postImageUrl , .udf68b7b31dab7a3ae83369ad0096ab30 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udf68b7b31dab7a3ae83369ad0096ab30 , .udf68b7b31dab7a3ae83369ad0096ab30:hover , .udf68b7b31dab7a3ae83369ad0096ab30:visited , .udf68b7b31dab7a3ae83369ad0096ab30:active { border:0!important; } .udf68b7b31dab7a3ae83369ad0096ab30 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udf68b7b31dab7a3ae83369ad0096ab30 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udf68b7b31dab7a3ae83369ad0096ab30:active , .udf68b7b31dab7a3ae83369ad0096ab30:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udf68b7b31dab7a3ae83369ad0096ab30 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udf68b7b31dab7a3ae83369ad0096ab30 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udf68b7b31dab7a3ae83369ad0096ab30 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udf68b7b31dab7a3ae83369ad0096ab30 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udf68b7b31dab7a3ae83369ad0096ab30:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udf68b7b31dab7a3ae83369ad0096ab30 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udf68b7b31dab7a3ae83369ad0096ab30 .udf68b7b31dab7a3ae83369ad0096ab30-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udf68b7b31dab7a3ae83369ad0096ab30:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: How important is Friar Lawrence, in his language and his actions to the development of 'Romeo and Juliet'? EssayKrogstad at first introduction appears to be selfish, menacing and mean however once he is reunited with his love Mrs linde he becomes more generous and merciful. Mrs Linde appears to be happy with her new found independence however it soon becomes apparent that she is in fact empty. Rank who appears to be Torvald and Noras truest friend actually is just in love with Nora.  Deception is a definite theme; the main liar in this play is Nora as she deceives Torvald about big things such as the loan. At first it seems that Torvald also lies to Nora saying that I ha ve often wished that you might be threatened by some great danger, so that I might risk my lifes blood, and everything, for your sake. However in reality when she does get in trouble all he cares about is his public reputation and definitely not her however at the time he does think that he would , therefore he is not lying.